According to the American Veterinary Association, cats are considered seniors at age 7. Today, cats are living much longer than they did 10 years ago, thanks in part to advances in vet medical care, better nutrition, and better at home care. Today, it is not unusual for a cat to live past age 15 or even 20 years old in some cases. As cats age, they can undergo physiological as well as behavioral changes.
Some of the physiological changes can include reduced ability to smell and taste food, reduced ability to digest fat and protein, reduced hearing, reduced immune function, reduced skin elasticity, and reduced stress tolerance.
Behavioral changes can include sleeping for longer periods, spending less time outside, reduced or fussy appetite, less agreeable to playing or grooming, becoming more vocal, more insecure, and sometimes, more dependent on you. Cats can also have increased thirst, appetite, or aggression if there are underlying medical issues.
At Home Care
Essential care is important as cats age, especially if they find it more difficult to maintain their own cleanliness and grooming habits.
Claw trimming
Check your cat’s nails weekly. Elderly cats are less able to retract their claws and they may get caught in furniture and carpets. They can also overgrow and stick into their pads. Regular trimming will be necessary and with the right advice and training from your veterinarian, it may be straightforward for you to perform this routine task and therefore avoid the need for a potentially stressful journey to the surgery.
Grooming
Your old cat is less able to groom efficiently so you may need to wipe away any discharge around its eyes, nose or anus using separate pieces of cotton wool for each area moistened in warm water. You may also need to brush your cat using a soft brush and fine comb but care should be taken to ensure you are gentle, as older cats tend to be thin with very little padding over their bones so vigorous combing can be painful. At this time you can also check for lumps, bumps, sores or anything else that merits attention from the vet. Grooming shorthaired cats only needs to be completed thoroughly if there is any matting. This can often occur on the lower spine and hindquarters as your cat may be less flexible and therefore unable to reach these areas to self-groom.
If your cat is longhaired and is having difficulties keeping itself clean it may be helpful to trim the coat around its anus, underside of the tail and back legs to avoid soiling or matting. If you find any matts then they should be teased out rather than cut with scissors as this can so easily damage the skin. If you have any concerns, consult your veterinarian as severe matts can be very uncomfortable for your cat.
Hairballs
Hairballs are a common problem in older cats as they often have sluggish digestions and hair ingested during grooming may cause complications such as chronic vomiting or constipation. Special supplements or foods can be purchased to assist with hairballs should this become a problem for your cat.
Toilet habits
Even if your elderly cat has access outdoors it is wise to provide an indoor litter facility as there will inevitably come a time when your cat just doesn’t feel inclined to toilet in cold, damp conditions outside. If you provide a litter tray you then have the opportunity to check your cat’s elimination habits for blood in the urine or stools, change in consistency of stools or other indicators of disease.
Dental checks
Old teeth and mouths can cause problems so check your cat regularly for signs of any growths, reddening of the gums or evidence of dental disease. Halitosis (bad breath), drooling, a ‘chattering’ jaw, loss of appetite and pawing at the mouth may all be signs of dental disease, if in doubt, consult your veterinarian.
Regular health checks
Your veterinarian will advise the frequency of health checks that would best suit your cat, taking into consideration its age and general health. Although it’s good to know your cat will be regularly examined it shouldn’t prevent you from being a little more vigilant at home to spot the first signs that all is not well. There are a number of general warning signs that merit attention from your veterinarian, namely:
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Drinking more often or drinking a larger amount per day
- Stiffness, lameness or difficulty in jumping up
- Lethargy
- Lumps or bumps anywhere on the body
- Balance problems
- Toilet accidents or difficulty passing urine or feces
- Disorientation or distress
- Uncharacteristic behavior, such as hiding, aggression, excessive vocalization
Encouraging appetite
Your cat may have less of an appetite as it gets older as its sense of smell and taste diminishes or there may be occasions when your cat needs a little encouragement. There are various ways that you can stimulate appetite, for example:
- Offer food little and often – for example four to six meals per day as a starting point – and choose a quiet area so that your cat isn’t distracted by noise and activity. Experiment with both familiar and unfamiliar food to tempt appetite
- Consider the type of bowl used to offer food: your cat may prefer a wide, shallow bowl or one with a rim, for example.
- Offer food at room temperature, gently warming food to just below body temperature can increase palatability
- Experiment with the consistency of the food offered. Some elderly cats, especially those with dental problems, prefer soft food to lumps or dry food. You could try adding a small amount of water to the food and mashing with a fork
- Raise the food bowl onto a box, for example, as this may offer more comfortable eating to a cat with osteoarthritis affecting the neck.
- Avoid leaving uneaten wet food out for more than an hour and don’t be tempted to leave a range of different foods out as this can be overwhelming.
- Sitting with your cat whilst talking and stroking can increase appetite, you may even want to try hand feeding
Drinking
Elderly cats are more vulnerable to becoming dehydrated, especially if suffering from medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, so always make sure that a variety of water bowls are available in the home in accessible areas away from the normal places where food is eaten. You may need to experiment with the type of container, for example, ceramic bowl, glass or drinking fountain and even the type of water, such as tap water, boiled water, filtered, spring etc. It may even be helpful to add a small amount of water to your elderly cat’s wet food. Water bowls, like food bowls, may be more comfortably used by the older cat if you raise it off the ground.
Elderly cat friendly home
All the recommendations for a cat friendly home will work as well for the elderly with a little modification. There is rarely the need to make drastic changes to the home to accommodate your cat as it gets older but small adaptations to the existing cat resources can make a significant difference to the quality of life. If your cat is finding stairs difficult to negotiate, for example, then it may be spending prolonged periods on one level, either up or downstairs. Ensuring that all your cat’s needs are met on that one level will avoid any risk of being unable to access important resources.
In order to make activity and movement in general easier for your older cat, it is important that it feels comfortable walking. Laminate, tiled or wooden flooring can be slippery and old cats can become unstable on slippery surfaces making them less inclined to be active. Equally, carpet can catch on your cat’s claws that overgrow easily without regular stropping and remain protracted as the muscles weaken. Cut pile carpets are more comfortable for your cat than loop pile so if your flooring is the latter you can compromise by providing cut pile runners throughout the home to enable your cat to walk in comfort. This is also the ideal surface on which to play, particularly if your cat likes to lie down in the process.
Play
If your cat has a favorite toy there is no reason to discard it as he gets older. The larger toys can be useful to encourage your elderly cat to lie on its side, grab the toy with the front paws and kick with the back legs. This gives great exercise for stiff hind limbs and is a type of play enjoyed by many. The ideal ‘kick toy’ is rectangular or cylindrical, between 6 and 8 inches long (15-20cm) and made of a durable fabric such as drill cotton or toweling.
The cardboard box is a real favorite for the cat but the principle may need adapting for the elderly. Older cats may like the idea of investigating but lack the flexibility to jump in and move around. Placing a large box on its side with the opening facing your cat will enable it to walk in and investigate. Carrier bags and paper bags can also provide opportunities for exploration, particularly if they crinkle, but handles should be removed to avoid any accidents as cats can easily get them caught around their necks.
Scratching
Elderly cats are less likely to use the tall activity and scratching posts as the stropping action on vertical surfaces can put a strain on arthritic joints. Offering similar horizontal surfaces can satisfy those that still enjoy scratching and the action provides important exercise for the muscles of the forelimbs.
Look-outs
Cats love to view outdoors and most enjoy sitting on high windowsills but jumping up can prove difficult if not impossible for some elderly cats, so provision should be made for easy access up to and down from these favourite look-outs. A series of shallow steps offer the best solution, ramps can be used but comfortably only if they are angled to represent a slight incline rather than a steep slope.
Puzzle feeding
Your older cat may enjoy the challenge of puzzle feeders but it’s important to monitor food consumption to ensure that the extra effort doesn’t dissuade your cat from eating. If this is the case, stick to bowls that are placed in your cat’s favored spot.
Litter box
Litter box should normally be located well away from other resources, such as food and water but for the very elderly or those cats suffering from cognitive dysfunction, it is appropriate for all its resources to be located in easy reach to avoid confusion.
The litter box should probably not be the covered variety as these can be difficult to negotiate. Open boxes with low sides are ideal and they should be firmly fixed to prevent them from being tipped up if your cat is clumsy when using a box. Polythene litter liners should be avoided as they can catch in your cat’s claws and any indoor boxes should be cleaned regularly. If your cat is suffering from a condition that causes increased thirst and urination you may need to fill the box to a depth exceeding the recommendation of 3cm – probably as much as 5cm in some cases. Trial and error are required as your cat may prefer a more shallow litter box that is cleaned more frequently.
Bedding
Many favored locations for sleep are on raised surfaces, such as your bed or a window sill, so it may become difficult with time for your elderly cat to access these special places. The positioning of ramps, steps and platforms will enable it to reach the area in gentle stages rather than giving up due to stiffness or weakness in the joints.
If your cat uses your bed, chair or sofa you may wish to provide a thermal blanket that is warm and washable. If your cat likes to sleep on window sills or other narrow platforms it is advisable to place a soft padded object underneath to prevent injury as many older cats have impaired balance and could easily fall. Ideally, elderly cats should be encouraged to use secure or wider surfaces for sleep.
Private places
Your cat needs to be able to have uninterrupted rest so any areas chosen should be kept accessible and new ones created if lack of mobility prevents your cat from using those previously favored.
Cat Doors
Some elderly cats will reduce the frequency of excursions outside as a result of difficulty negotiating the cat door. It may be helpful to build a step, inside and outside, to make it easier to use but eventually it is almost inevitable that the cat door will be replaced by escorted trips into the garden via the back door. When this occurs, if no other cats in the household are using the door, it would be advisable to block up or remove the door to prevent invasion from other cats outside which would be distressing for your cat.
Garden
There are a number of reasons why your cat may stop going outside as it gets older. A significant influence is undoubtedly going to be the presence of other cats in the territory and a sense that your cat is no longer able to actively defend its patch. If you are able to secure your garden you can exclude other cats and contain your own cat within the safety of your own property.
Holidays and celebrations
Older cats don’t cope particularly well with changes to their routine so there may come a time when your cat may prefer to stay at home with someone visiting, or staying over, to provide the necessary care. Ideally, the cat-sitter should be someone with whom your cat is familiar.
Older cats can find parties and general festivities at home a little overwhelming so you may find your cat benefits from a secure and quiet place to retreat to, where it has everything it needs, while the activity is happening in another part of the house.
Older cats can be finicky and quirky, but they are wonderful companions who depend on us to provide the care they need. If your older cat exhibits any of the issues discussed in this article, it is important that you have your cat checked by your vet to rule out illness or injury that may be exacerbating the behavior. With proper car and support, your senior cat can bring years of love and companionship to your home.
Adapted from an article that appeared in iCatCare.
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